Continuous internal assessment (CIA) forms 50% and the end semester examination forms the other 50% of the marks in both theory and practical. CIA marks are awarded based on their performance in assignments (written material to be submitted and valued), mid-semester test (MST), and class assignments (Quiz, presentations, problem solving etc.) The mid-semester examination and the end semester examination for each theory course will be for two and three hours duration respectively. The CIA for practical sessions is done on a day to day basis depending on their performance in the pre-lab, the conduct of the experiment, and presentation of lab reports. Only those students who qualify with minimum required attendance and CIA will be allowed to appear for the end semester examination.

The Department of Chemistry of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) aims at developing young talent for the chemical industry and academia. The curriculum is developed in such a way that the students are able to venture into allied fields too. The aim of the department through the programmes it offers is to provide “a cut above the rest” man-power to the ever growing demands of the industry and to prepare students for higher studies and research. The interactive method of teaching at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) is to bring about attitudinal changes to future professionals of the industry.

Equal importance is given to practical and theoretical aspects apart from experiential and digital modes of learning. Industrial projects form an integral part of the curriculum. Along with the syllabus, the University emphasizes on Value Addition Programs like Current Affairs, Holistic Education, Certificate programmes and Placement Training Programs, which include training students in group discussions, facing interviews and so on.

Vision

To ensure that department of Chemistry at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) is the world leader in pioneering research, to inspire and educate students, today and for the future, in the concepts and skills of chemistry. 

Mission

To develop proficient leaders with ethical values to contribute effectively to the nation’s growth.

Introduction to the programme

The two-year (four semesters) Masters Programme in Chemistry (specialization in Organic Chemistry) aims at providing a comprehensive study of various branches of chemistry to develop a critical and analytical approach to all major areas of the subject. The various courses in the first two semesters are presented in such a way as to give the students a harmonious view of the subject followed by the specialization courses of organic chemistry along with an industrial/institutional project in the third semester. Equal importance is given to both theory and practicals. The teaching methodology includes lectures, demonstration, seminars, projects and presentations.

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO2: Identify the need and scope of Interdisciplinary research.

PO3: Enhance research culture and uphold scientific integrity and objectivity.

PO4: Understand the professional, ethical, and social responsibilities.

PO5: Understand the importance and the judicious use of technology for the sustainability of the environment.

PO6: Enhance disciplinary competency, employability, and leadership skills.

Programme Specific Outcome:

PSO2: Interpret and explain the behaviors of chemical compounds based on the understanding of their chemistry.

PSO3: Interpret analytical data pertinent to physical sciences and to explain the cause and consequences of it

PSO4: Apply the knowledge of chemistry to solve problems in academia, industry and environmental protection.

PSO5: Perceive, deduce, and justify the chemical properties of various forms of matter from their structure and reactivity.

PSO6: Design, develop, and innovate chemistry-based solutions for industrial, health care, environmental, and academic requirements.

Programme Educational Objective:

PEO2: Interpret and explain the chemistry of physical characteristics, chemical reactivity, and biological impact of various systems

This introductory course on mathematics intends to provide the students the required mathematical support to understand the various topics in chemistry especially spectroscopy and physical chemistry.

Functions, continuity and differentiability. Rules for differentiation, applications of differential calculus including maxima and minima (examples related to maximally populated rotational energy levels, Bohr’s radius and most probable velocity from maxwell’s distribution etc), exact and inexact differentials with their applications to thermodynamic properties.

Integral calculus, basic rules for integration*, integration by parts, partial fraction and substitution. Reduction formulae, applications of integral calculus.

Functions of several variables, partial differentiation, coordinate transformations (eg Cartesian to spherical polar), curve sketching.

Variables- separable and exact first order differential equations, homogenous, exact and linear equations. Applications to chemical kinetics, secular equilibria, quantum chemistry etc. Solutions of differential equations by the power series method, fourier series, solutions of harmonic oscillator and legendre equation etc, spherical harmonics, second order differential equations and their solutions.

Different types of series, Fourier series, theory behind Fourier transform: Legendre polynomials, Lagranche undetermined multipliers, Stirling approximation.

Permutations and combinations, probability and probability theorems, probability curves, average, root mean square and most probable errors, examples from the kinetic theory of gases etc, curve fitting (including least squares fit etc) with a general polynomial fit. Basic statistics for chemistry

[2]    Doggett and Sutcliffe, Mathematics for chemistry, Longman group Ltd, 1995.

[3]    Farrington Daniels, Mathematical preparation for physical Chemistry, Mc Graw Hill,  2003.

[4]    Paul Monk, Lindsey Munro, Maths for Chemistry: A chemist's toolkit of calculations, Oxford University Press. 2021

[2]    Peter Tebbutt, Basic mathematics for chemists, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1998.

This course on general research methodology intends to make the students get an idea about research, its methods and its significance. It also gives an overview of different aspects of scientific communication like written communication, poster and oral presentations

Introduction -objectives of research - motivation in research– -types of research - research approaches - significance of research -research methods versus methodology - research and scientific method- criteria of good research -defining research problem - research design - features of good design.

Originality in Research: Resources for research - research skills - time management - role of supervisor and scholar.

Source for literature: books -journals – proceedings - thesis and dissertations. On-line Searching: Database – SciFinder – Scopus - Science Direct - Searching research articles.

i) Computer Searches of Literature: ASAP Alerts, CA Alerts, ChemPort, Patent search 
     including STN International; Google Scholar

ii) Steps to publishing scientific articles in journals: types of publications-
    communications, articles, reviews; where to publish, letters to editor and emails.

iii) Writing a review article- Significance of review of literature, steps of searching the literature, Identification of topic, organization of the content, Conclusion and future perspectives.

Contents of a research proposal, introduction, The problem - relevance to the society, objectives, study design, methods, analysis, structure of the report, limitations, ethical issues.

Types of scientific communication. Plagiarism and how to avoid it.

 Creating a literature review-Preparing other sections of a research report (abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion, conclusions)-Including and
summarizing research data.

Scientific writing style-First-person vs. Third-person; Passive vs. active voice Avoiding
excessive wording-Grammar-Avoiding misuse of words.

How to use references- Within the text - How to make lists of references.

Dealing with revisions-Accepting Criticism-Making sense of reviewers’ comments. Making the changes.

Organization and formats for posters Using Microsoft PowerPoint.

 Designing and preparing slides for an oral presentation- Importing tables, charts and graphs from Excel- Optimizing pictures for use in presentations.

[2]  R. Panneerselvam, Research Methodology, New Delhi: PHI, 2005.

[3]  P. Oliver, Writing Your Thesis, New Delhi:Vistaar Publications, 2004.

[4]        J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches, 3nd. ed. Sage Publications, 2008.

[5]L. Bowater and K. Yeoman, Science communication: a practical guide for scientists, Wiley, 2013.

[6]. J. E. Harmon and A. G. Gross, The Craft of Scientific Communication, Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing, 2010.

[2] B. C. Nakra and K. K. Chaudhry, Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis, 2nd. ed.
New Delhi: TMH publishing Co. Ltd., 2005.

[3] Gregory, Ethics in Research, Continuum, 2005.

[4]. M. Bucchi and B. Trench, Handbook of Public Communication on Science and Technology. (Eds.)  London: Routledge, 2008.

[5]. Cheng, M. Claessens, T. Gascoigne, J. Metcalfe, B. Schiele, and S. Shi, Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New models, New Practices, (eds.),New York: Springer, 2008.     

Final score is calculated in 50

This introductory course on inorganic chemistry intends to make the students understand the basic concepts like chemical bonding, chemistry of elements and nuclear chemistry.

Prelearning: Periodic properties of elements, Types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds

Slater’s rules and effective nuclear charge, Octet rule, VSEPR model, shapes of molecules; concepts of resonance and hybridization, Electronegativity, Scales of electronegativity (Pauling’s scale, Alred and Rochow’s approach, Mulliken’s approach), Fajans’ rules, coordinate bond, multicentre bond, quadruple bond, synergic bond, Agostic interaction with examples, Hydrogen bond – types and detection; Intermolecular force, metallic bond, Semiconductors and superconductors. 

MO Theory: σ, π and δ molecular orbitals, MOs of diatomic molecules- NO, CO, triatomic molecules- H₂O, NO₂, BeH_2; Walsh diagram, Molecular term symbols of H₂ to O₂.

Ionic bond, Lattice energy, Born-Lande equation (derivation), radius–ratio rules, structures of simple solids-NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, CaF₂, TiO₂, unit cell and number of ions in sphalerite, Spinels and Perovskites. 

Pre learning: Periodicity and general trends in properties

Allotropes of carbon and their applications-Structure and property correlation in  diamond and graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerens-types and synthesis, Polymorphism of phosphorous and sulphur; properties, structure and bonding in boranes, Styx number-formulae for arriving at the number of 2-centre and 3-centre bonds in boranes, Wade’s rule, carboranes and their classification, Properties, structure and bonding in borazines, phosphazenes, Xenon  compounds, Interhalogen compounds, Silicates–Principles of silicate structures,classification and structures, isomorphous replacement, pyroxenes, silicate glasses, borosilicate glass, silica gel, zeolites and molecular sieves*, polyhalides. Oxyacids of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur and halogens**

Bronsted and Lewis concept of acids and bases, Luxflood acid base theory, HSAB concept, acid – base concept in non- aqueous media, levelling effect, super acids, non-aqueous solvents-NH_3, sulphuric acid, glacial acetic acid and anhydrous HF.

Role of metal ions in biological systems-essential and trace metal, ion transport across membranes, sodium potassium pump*, ionophores, oxygen transport mechanism- haemoglobin and myoglobin*, metalloenzymes-carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, vitamin B₁₂, metal complexes in medicine (cisplatin).

Sub-atomic particles and their properties, nuclear stability (Binding Energy, Packing fraction, Meson theory, Characteristics of nuclear forces), Liquid drop model and shell model of the nucleus.            

Course enrichment activities

CSIR examination-based problems will be solved in the class.

[2] J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th ed., Pearson Education Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2000.

[3] D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins and C.H. Langford. Inorganic chemistry, 3^rd ed., ELBS: Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1999. 

[4]  N. N. Greenwood and A. E. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elementals, 2^nd ed., Butterworth
Heinemann, 1997.

[5] D. M. P. Mingos, Essential Trends in Inorganic chemistry, Oxford Univ. Press, 1998.

[6] J. D. Lee, Concise inorganic chemistry, 5^th ed., Chapman & Hall: Hong Kong,Reprint 2009.

[7] K. F. Purcell and J C. Kotz, Inorganic Chemistry, Indian reprint, Cengage Learning India  Pvt Ltd, 2010.

[2] K. Hussain Reddy, Bioinorganic Chemistry, New age international publishers, Reprint
2007.

[3] Asim K. Das, Bioinorganic Chemistry, 1^st ed., Books and Allied P ltd., 2010.

[4] Bertini, H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippard and J.S.Valentine, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Viva Books,
1998.

[5] H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of nuclear chemistry, 4^th ed., NAIL Pub, 1995.

[6] William M Portfield, Inorganic Chemistry-An Unified Approach (Indian Reprint) Academic
Press, 2005.

This course on organic chemistry intends to make the students understand the basic concepts like nature of bonding in organic molecules, reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, free radical chemistry, natural products and vitamins.

Hybridization, Delocalized chemical bonding*: Conjugation, cross conjugation, resonance, hyper conjugation. Field effects, steric effects and their influence on the properties of organic molecules (dipole moment, acidity, etc). Consequences of delocalized chemical bonding on bond length, bond angle, dipole moment, acidity and basicity. Tautomerism.  Huckel’s rule. Aromaticity in benzenoid, meso-ionic compounds and non-benzenoid compounds- Introduction, preparation of cyclopropenyl cations, cyclobutadienyl dications, cyclopentadienyl anions, cycloheptatrienium cation, cyclooctatatraenyl dication, Frost diagrams, [10], [14], and [18]-annulenes, azulene. Energy level of π–molecular orbital, antiaromaticity, homo-aromaticity.

Types of reactions and mechanisms.  Potential energy diagrams, transition states and intermediates, Thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, Hammond’s postulate, Curtin-Hammett principle, methods of determining mechanisms, isotope effects, hard and soft acids and bases.

Generation, structure, stability and reactivity of carbocations*, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes.

Effect of structure on reactivity –The Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship, substituents and reaction constants, Taft equation.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction at a saturated carbon: SN¹, SN² and SNⁱ mechanisms, Effect of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, and leaving groups, Neighbouring group participation, ambident nucleophiles and substrates.

Generation of free radicals: Thermal homolysis of per esters and azo compounds,       photochemical methods. Hydrogen abstraction, chain process. Stability: Steric, resonance and hypercojugative effects. Structure and stereochemistry of free radicals. Free radical reactions: Addition, elimination, rearrangement and electron transfer reactions. Use of free radicals in organic synthesis. SET reactions.

Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse and flying wedge projections and their interconversions. Optical isomerism: Elements of symmetry and chirality. D-L and R-S conventions. Cram’s and Prelog’s rules. Felkin-anh model. Conformational analysis of acyclic compounds: ethane, propane, n-butane and  1,2–disubstituted ethanes.  Cyclic alkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclohexanes (monomethyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl and di-substituted cyclohexanes e.g., dialkyl, dihalo, diols), and cycloheptane. Conformations of fused and bridged ring systems. Prochirality: Enantiotropic and disastereotropic groups and faces. 

Geometrical isomerism: cis–trans and E-Z conventions.  Methods of interconversion of E and Z isomers. 

Determination of configuration of the monosaccharide. Conformational analysis of glucose and galactose*.   Structural elucidation of sucrose and maltose. Synthesis of aldonic, uronic, aldaric acids and alditols.  Structures of gentiobiose, meliobiose, and chitin.  Photosynthesis of carbohydrates.  Industrial and biological importance of glycosides.       

Biological importance and synthesis of Vitamins A*, Vit. B₁ (thiamine), Vit. B₆ (pyridoxine), Vit. C, Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), Vit. H (biotin), Vit. K₁, K₂, folic acid, pantothenic acid and riboflavin. 

Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, properties and applications of polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and poly(p-phenylenevinylene).

Bio-polymers: Basic concepts of biopolymers/biodegradable polymers (polylacetic acid, poly caprolactone, starch, etc.), hydrogels, smart hydrogels and their applications, Recycling.

Course enrichment activities

CSIR Based problems will be solved in the class

[2] A. Carey Francis and J. Sundberg Richard, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^th ed., Springer, 2007.

[3] Stykes Peter, A guide book to mechanism in organic chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, 2000.

[4]  C. K. Ingold, Structure and mechanism of organic chemistry, Cornell University  Press, 1999.

[5]  H. Pine Stanley, Organic Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2007.

[6]  R. T. Morrison and  R. N. Boyd, Organic chemistry, 7^th-Edition,Fifth impression, Prentice-Hall, 2014.

[7]  R. O. C. Norman and J. M. Coxon, Principles of organic synthesis, Blackie Academic and Professional, 1996.

[8] P. Y. Bruice, Organic Chemisty,7^th edition,10^th impression, Pearson Education, 2019.

[9] D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of organic compounds, New Delhi, New-Age International, 1999.

[10] E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen and L. N. Mander, Stereochemistry of carbon compounds, John Wiley 2011.

[11] György Inzelt, Conducting Polymers A New Era in Electrochemistry,Springer, 2008.

[2] I. L. Finar, Stereochemistry and the Chemistry the Natural Products, 5^th ed., Pearson Education Ltd., 2009.

[3]  N. Selwad and  H-D Jakubke, Peptides: Chemistry and Biology, Wiley – VCH, 2002.

[4]  J. Apsimon, Total synthesis of natural products,  Vol. I – Vol. VI, NY,  John Wiley, 2007.

This course on physical chemistry intends to make the students aware of topics like quantum mechanics, chemical dynamics and surface chemistry.

Formulation of quantum mechanics: Wave particle duality of material particles, de Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Equations of wave motion: Progressive and stationary waves, wave equation for a stationary wave (stretched string).

 Schrödinger wave equation. (Time–independent and time-dependent Schrödinger equations).  Eigen function and eigen value.  Physical interpretation of wave function. Concept of operators. Linear, Laplacian, Hamiltonian, commutator and Hermitian operators. Angular momentum operators and their properties. Normalization, orthogonality and orthonormality of wave functions. Postulates of quantum mechanics. Average (expectation) values Solutions of Schrödinger equation for a free particle, particle in a one-dimensional box and three-dimensional box. Quantum mechanical degeneracy, tunneling (no derivation).                                                                                                                                                      (12 Hrs)                                        Application of Schrödinger equation to harmonic oscillator and rigid rotator. Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of angular momentum. Ladder operator method for angular momentum. Schrödinger equation to hydrogen atom in spherical polar coordinates. Solution of Φ, θ equations and statement of solution of R equation. Total wave function of hydrogen atom. Quantum numbers and their characteristics. List of wave functions for initial states of hydrogen-like atoms. Diagrams of radial and angular wave functions. Radial and angular distribution functions and their significance.  Electron spin (Stern – Gerlach experiment) *, spin orbital, antisymmetry and Pauli’s exclusion principle, Slater determinants. Coupling of angular momenta. Russell-Saunders and JJ-coupling, term symbols.  Spin-orbit interaction and explanation of term multiplicities (Na-D doublet), Zeeman effect*.                   (12 Hrs)                                                                                                                                           

Approximate methods: Need for approximate methods. Perturbation method. Application to electron in a box under the influence of an electric field. Application to He atom. Variation theorem- Statement and proof.  Application of variation method to particle in a one-dimensional box, linear oscillator and He atom. Slater type orbitals, expressions for Slater orbitals for 1s, 2s, 3s, 2p and 3d electrons (no derivation).  Slater’s rules for calculation of effective nuclear charge.  STOs, for He, C and N. SCF method for many electron atoms. HOMO theory for conjugated systems. Application to ethylene, allyl anion, allyl cation, allyl free radical, butadiene and benzene.                                                                                    (8 Hrs)                                                          

Macroscopic and microscopic kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence, Methods of determination of order and rate laws, Collision theory of reaction rates-limitations. Transition state theory. Comparison of collision theory and transition state theory, reaction between ions: influence of ionic strength-primary and secondary kinetic salt effects. Diffusion and activation-controlled reactions in solution. Thermodynamical formulation of reaction rates (Wyne-Jones and Eyring treatment). (3 Hrs)

 b. Steady state kinetics: Theories of unimolecular reactions, Lindemann theory, RRKM theory (qualitative treatment only), Chain reactions-general characteristics, chain length and chain inhibition (Self study). Mechanisms of thermal reactions (hydrogen-chlorine, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane) and photochemical reactions (H₂ - Br₂ and H₂–Cl₂). Comparative study of thermal and photochemical hydrogen-halogen reactions. (5 Hrs)                                                                                                                                                      

c. Theory of homogeneous catalysis, Enzyme catalysis-comparison of enzyme with chemical          catalysts, mechanism (lock and key theory), Henri-Michaelis-Menten treatment, significance of Michaelis constant, Lineweaver-Burk plot. Effects of concentration, pH, temperature, activators   and inhibitors on enzyme activity (Self Study).  Theory of homogeneous catalysis. Add the following: Acid-base catalysis: specific and general catalysis, Skrabal diagram, Bronsted catalysis law, prototropic and protolytic mechanism with examples, acidity function.                         (6 Hrs)                                                                                                                                   

d.     Kinetics of fast reactions-study of fast reactions by stopped flow technique, relaxation method, flash photolysis and NMR method.                                                                     (4 Hrs)

Effect of temperature on adsorption, mechanical adsorption, Types of adsorption isotherms, BET and Gibbs adsorption isotherms, estimation of surface area using BET equation, vapour pressure of droplets (Kelvin equation). Application of photoelectron spectroscopy*, ESCA and Auger spectroscopy for the study of surfaces. Mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysis: unimolecular and bimolecular surface reactions, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions like ammonia synthesis, Fischer-Tropsch reactions.

Introduction, Synthesis – laser ablation chemical vapour transport method (CVT) and sol gel method, synthesis of metal oxides and its composite nanoparticles by solvo thermal and hydrothermal method.    

Course Enrichment Activities

CSIR examination-based problems will be solved in the class.

[2] Mc Quarrie and Simon, Physical chemistry: A molecular approach, New Delhi: Viva, 2011.

[3] A. K. Chandra, Introduction to quantum chemistry, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.

[4] Levine, N. Ira, Quantum chemistry, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2009.

[5] R. K. Prasad, Quantum chemistry. 2^nded. New Delhi: New Age International, 2011.

[6] R. K. Prasad, Quantum chemistry through problems and solutions, 1^sted. New Delhi: New
Age International, 2009.

[7] K. J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, 2^nd ed. Inc. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

[8] J. E. House and M. C. Brown, Principles of Chemical Kinetics, 2^nd ed. Elsevier IndiaPvt.ltd,
        2012.

[9] C. Kalidas, Chemical Kinetic Methods, 1^st ed. New Delhi: New Age International Publisher, 2010.

[10] J. Kuriakose and J Rajaraman. Kinetics and mechanism of chemical transformation. New
         Delhi: McMillan Publishers, 2009.

[2] C. N. R. Rao, Nanoscience and technology, Navakarnataka Publications Pvt Ltd, 2011.

[3] A. K. Bandyopadyay, Nanomaterials, NAI publishers, 2010.

[4]        K. Krishna Reddy and Balakrishna Rao, Nanotechnology Nanostructures & Nanomaterials,
Campus Books International, 2007.

[5] Thomas Engel and Philip Reid, Physical Chemistry, Pearson Education, Inc, 2006.

This course on analytical chemistry intends to enlighten the students on topics like separation techniques, optical methods of chemical analysis, electro analytical techniques and thermal methods of analysis. This course will help students to understand the basic routine experiments in all the industrial and research labs.

Classifications of analytical methods, factors influencing choice of analytical method, toxic chemicals sampling and handling hazards, material safety data sheets. Miniaturization of analytical methods and its significance in modern chemical analysis. Replicate analysis, reliability of analytical data, mean and median & range precision and accuracy, methods of expressing precision and accuracy: deviation, mean deviation, relative mean deviation, and standard deviation. Detection limits, Quantitation limits, Errors, absolute error, relative error. Determinate errors, classification of determinate errors and their minimization, indeterminate error and normal frequency distribution curve. 

Statistical treatment of analytical data: confidence limits, students T-test, rejection of data: Q test, 4d rule and 2.5d rule. Graphical representation of results, methods of averages, methods of least squares. Significant figures, Reporting of analytical data.

Solvent extraction, efficiency, selectivity*, Nernst distribution law, distribution coefficient, derivation for the most efficient extraction, applications and numerical problems. Methods-batch and continuous extraction of liquids, continuous solid- liquid extraction (Soxhlet extraction of phytochemicals).

Chromatography – classification, mechanisms-adsorption, partition. ion exchange, size exclusion and affinity chromatography. retention in chromatography, Plate theory, Retention parameters, efficiency, resolution, Peak asymmetry- Gaussian and skew profile, tailing and fronting, peak broadening- van Demeter equation. 

Principle and applications of thin layer chromatography.

Gas chromatography- Theory and instrumentation detectors used in GC, temperature programming in GC, Applications, High performance liquid chromatography-Theory and instrumentation. Bonded stationary phases, Normal phase and reversed phase liquid chromatography, Detectors in HPLC: absorbance detector, refractive index detector, electrochemical detector, HPLC-MS, Chiral stationary phases 

Theory and application of Electrophoresis.

Pre-learning topics: Beer-Lambert’s law and derivation. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, Beer-Lambert’s law, verification, deviations, molar extinction coefficient choice of solvents, photometric titrations, Single beam and double beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy- instrumentation and application in quantitative and qualitative analysis, Numerical problems.

Principle, instrumentation and applications of fluorimetry, turbidimetry and nephelometry.

Potentiometry- electrode systems, potentiometric titrations- acid- base, precipitation and redox titrations.

Polarography* and Voltammetry- three electrode system, role of supporting electrolyte, Diffusion currents, deposition potential, residual current half-wave potentials, characteristics of the DME.

Amperometric titration and applications of polarography. Electrogravimetry, Coulometry, Coulometry at constant potential, applications. Conductometric titrations- ionic conductances, acid-base titrations. Chemically modified electrodes and their Quantitative applications.

Theory, instrumentation and applications of TGA, DTA and DSC.

Pre Learning topics: working principles of scintillation counter, GM counter.

Radioactivity, ionization, germanium detectors, working principles of scintillation counter, GM counter, Radio analytical methods- neutron activation analysis, isotopic dilution analysis, radiotracer technique. Applications of all these techniques use of radioactive isotopes in solving analytical and physico chemical problems*.

Course enrichment Activities:

Preparation of material safety data sheet for selected compounds, which will help in understanding the sense of safety and practice in the experimental lab.

This activity is in alignment with our graduate attributed GA7 and GA 8

[2] Douglas A. Skoog and F. James Holler, Timothy A. Nieman, Principles of instrumental analysis, 1998.

[3] H.H. Willard, L.L. Merrit, J.A. Dean and F.A. Settle, Instrumental methods of analysis, CBS Publishers: 7th ed., 1986.

[4] A.J. Bard and I.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods, 2nd ed., Wiley: New York,2000.

[5] Wilson Keith and John Walker, Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and Molecularbiology, 6th ed., Cambridge, 2005.

[6] Skoog, West, Holler and Crouch. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, 8th ed. Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd, 2004.

[2] S. M. Khopkar, Basic concepts of analytical chemistry, 3ed ed., New age international,2009.

[3] Robert A. Meyers, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory, and Instrumentation, 15 volume Set, Wiley, 2011.

[4] Robinsen, Undergraduate instrumental analysis 6th ed, Taylor and francies, 2004

This practical course on inorganic chemistry intends to provide the students scientific skills in qualitative and preparative techniques.  

1. Semi-micro qualitative analysis of mixtures containing i) two common cations ii) two anions out of which one is interfering anion and iii) one of the following less familiar elements: W, Mo, Ce, Th, Zr, V, U and Li. 

2. Preparation and quantitative analysis of inorganic complexes

1. Ferrous oxalate 

2. Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III)trihydrate. 

3. Hexamine cobalt(III)chloride. 

4. Cis and trans-potassium dioxalatodiaquochromate(III). 

5. Preparation of a coordination complex using Schiff base ligand and characterization by UV and IR spectroscopic methods.

 [2]   J. Bassett, G.H. Jeffery and J. Mendham, and R.C. Denny, Vogel’s text book of qualitative
        chemical analysis, 5th ed., Longman Scientific and Technical, 1999.  

[1]    V.V. Ramanujam.  Inorganic semi micro qualitative analysis. The National Pub. Co: 1972. 

This practical course on organic chemistry intends to provide the students scientific skills in qualitative and preparative techniques.

Separation of a binary mixture of organic compounds and identification of the separated components by systematic qualitative organic analysis. 

Preparation of the following compounds: 

1. p- Nitro aniline from acetanilide.

2. p-Bromoaniline from acetanilide.

3. m-Nitro benzoic acid from methyl benzoate.

4. Anthranilic acid from phthalic anhydride.

5. Cannizarro reaction: Benzaldehyde 

6. Friedel - Crafts reaction 

1]         B. B. Dey, M. V. Sitaraman and T. R. Govindachar, Laboratory manual of organic chemistry, New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1996.

[2]        A. I. Vogel, Text book of practical organic chemistry, 1996.

[3]        V. K. Ahluwalia and R. Aggarwal, Comprehensive practical organic chemistry: Preparations and Quantitative analysis, University press, 2004.

[2]        A. I. Vogel, Text book of practical organic chemistry, 1996.

[3]        V. K. Ahluwalia and R. Aggarwal, Comprehensive practical organic chemistry: Preparations and Quantitative analysis, University press, 2004.

This practical course on physical chemistry intends to provide the students with scientific skills in conductometric and potentiometric experiments.

Conductivity

1.       Determination of the solubility of sparingly soluble salt.

2.       Titration of mixture of strong and weak acids against strong base.

3.       Titration of mixture of strong acid, weak acid and salt (copper sulfate) against strong base.

4.       Titration of weak acid against weak base.

5.       Precipitation titration: Lithium sulfate against barium chloride.

6.       Dissociation constant of weak electrolyte (weak base – NH₄OH; weak acid – CH₃COOH).

7.       Verification of Onsager’s equation – determination of λ₀ of an electrolyte.

8.       Determine the solubility of lead iodide in presence of varying concentration of salt KNO₃

9.       Determination of Arrhenius parameters for saponification by conductometry. 

Potentiometry 

1.       Determination of single electrode potential of Cu²⁺ / Cu and Zn²⁺ / Zn and testing the validity of Nernst equation.

2.       Determination of pH of buffers by using quinhydrone electrode and comparison of the pH values obtained with glass electrode.

3.       Potentiometric titration of ferrous ammonium sulfate against potassium dichromate – calculation of formal redox potential of Fe³⁺ / Fe²⁺.

4.       Potentiometric titration of potassium iodide against potassium permanganate.

5.       Titration of silver nitrate against potassium chloride.

6.       Determination of EMF of a concentration cell and calculation of solubility product of AgCl.

7.       Titration of weak acid against a strong base using quinhydrone electrode and calculation of pK_a value of the weak acid.

8.       Titration of a mixture of HCI and CH₃COOH potentiometrically and determination of the composition of the mixture.

9.       Estimation of acetyl salicylic acid in the given aspirin tablet by titrating against 0.1N
alcoholic KOH potentiometrically.

10.   Determination of pKa of a dibasic acid by potentiometry. 

Catalylsis

1.       Synthesis of spinels/perovskites and their characterisation and estimation.

2.       Preparation, estimation and characterization of doped rare earth oxides for catalysis.

Spectrophotometry

1.       Spectrophotometric determination of pK_i value of an indicator.

[2]        Shoemaker and Garland, Experiments in physical chemistry. McGraw Hill International
edn: 1996.

[3]        Yadav J. B., Advanced practical chemistry, Krishna Prakashan Media Pvt. Ltd, Meerut,    2010.

[4]        Wilson, Newcombe and others, Experimental physical chemistry, Pergamon Press: New
York, 1962.

[2]        Athawale V. D. and Parul Mathur, Experimental physical chemistry, New Delhi: New Age International, 2001.

This course on computers for chemists intends to provide the students the required knowledge and skill to use the various tools and software packages which are helpful in studying the various topics in chemistry.

ORIGIN, CHEM SKETCH etc. solving chemistry problems (Chemistry based web packages on the internet depending on the availability). Problems on physical chemistry (chemical kinetics, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, spectroscopy) for plotting first and second derivative curves, and linear plots. Structures of inorganic and organic molecules, writing chemical equations, determining molecular parameters such as bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles using computer programs.

Geometrical Parameters, understanding of electrostatic, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions, Hydrogen bonding, Ground state, Excited States, Transition States - Exploring the energy landscape and its minima, charge density and electron density; Frontier Molecular orbital Analysis, Binding energy, stability constant, Wave function analysis. Structure-Activity Relationships, Descriptors of chemical reactivity and selectivity, DFT reactivity descriptors, Cheminformatics-Basics, applications, Molecular docking studies

Use of artificial intelligence in molecular geometry optimization, Automated structure determination using AI techniques, Integration of DFT calculations in structure determination workflows with software like VASP (Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package)

2.      F Jensen, Introduction to Computational Chemistry, Wiley

This course on inorganic chemistry intends to enlighten the students on topics in coordination chemistry like theories of metal ligand bonding, metal-ligand equilibria, electronic and magnetic properties of metal complexes.

Step-wise and overall formation constants and their relationship, trends in step-wise constant, kinetic and thermodynamic stability of metal complexes, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to the nature of the metal ion and ligand, chelate and macrocylic effects*and their thermodynamic origin, determination of binary formation constants by spectrophotometry, polarography and ion exchange methods.

Crystal field theory*, stereochemistry and splitting of metal d-orbitals in complexes with coordination numbers 3 to 8, structural evidences for CF splitting-hydration, ligation and lattice energies, Spectrochemical series, Factors affecting 10 Dq, Jahn–Teller distortion in metal complexes and metal chelates, Limitations of CFT, evidences for metal–ligand orbital overlap, Nephelauxetic effect and series, ESR, NMR and NQR spectral evidences for M-L covalency. MO theory, 18 e rule, Group theoretical approaches based MO energy level diagrams of H₂O, tetrahedral and octahedral complexes (including π-bonding), Structure and bonding of Zeise’s salt.

Hydride, dihydrogen, simple metal carbonyl, nitrosyl, dinitrogen and tertiary phosphine complexes, stereochemical non-rigidity*, self-assembly in supramolecular chemistry*; stereoisomerism-chirality, optical activity, CD, ORD, cotton effect and magnetic circular dichroism, absolute configurations.

Types of electronic transitions, Spectroscopic ground states, selection rules, term symbols for dⁿ ions, Racah parameters, Orgel, correlation and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams, spectra of 3d metal aqua complexes of trivalent V, Cr, divalent Mn, Co and Ni, [CoCl₄]^2-; calculation of Dq, B and β and x parameters, charge transfer spectra, spectra of lanthanides and actinides.

Origin and types of magnetic behaviour- diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferro and antiferromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility and its measurement by the Guoy method, temperature dependence of magnetism– Curie and Curie-Weiss laws, types of paramagnetic behaviour – spin-orbit coupling, magnetic behaviour of lanthanide ions, quenching of orbital contribution and spin only behavior.

Course enrichment activities

CSIR Based problems will be solved in the class

[2]  F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Advanced inorganic chemistry, 6^th ed., John Wiley & sons,
2009.

[3]  J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of Structure
and Reactivity, 4th edition, Pearson Education Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2000.

[4]  D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins and C.H. Langford, Inorganic chemistry, 3^rd ed., ELBS: Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK, 1999. .

[5]  N. N. Greenwood and A. E. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elementals, 2^nd ed., Butterworth
Heinemann, 1997.

[6]  D. M. P. Mingos, Essential Trends in Inorganic chemistry, Oxford Univ. Press, 1998.

[7]  J. D. Lee, Concise inorganic chemistry, 5^th ed., Chapman&Hall: Hong Kong, Reprint 2009.

[2]  G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, 4^th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010.

[3]  D. N. Sathyanarayana, Electronic absorption spectroscopy and related techniques,
Universities Press: 2001.

[4]  William M Portfield, Inorganic Chemistry-An Unified Approach (Indian Reprint) Academic
Press, 2005.

This course on organic chemistry intends to make the students understand topics like aromatic substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions, peptide chemistry and nucleic acids. This course helps the students to develop logical approach to solve problems.

Electrophilic substitution reactions: The arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams.  The ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems.  Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles.  Diazonium coupling, Vilsmeier reaction, Gattermann-Koch reaction. 

Nucleophilic substitution reactions: The S_N Ar, S_N¹, benzyne and SR_N¹ mechanisms. Reactivity – effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile. The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser and Smiles rearrangements.

Addition to carbon multiple bonds: Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals. Regio, stereo and chemoselectivities.  Orientation and reactivity.  Addition to cyclopropane ring.  Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Hydroboration, Michael reaction*. 

Addition to carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds: Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters and nitriles. Additional of Grignard reagents and organo lithium reagents to carbonyl compounds and unsaturated carbonyl compounds.  Addition of water and formation of acetals, ketals, oximes and hydrazones from carbonyl compounds, Wittig reaction*. Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates-Aldol, knoevenagel, Clasisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions*. Ammonolysis of esters, hydrolysis amides. 

The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms. Orientation of the double bond.  Reactivity – effects of substrate structure, attacking base, the leaving group and the medium. Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination.

Introduction to types of rearrangements, Wagner–Meerwein, Pinacol–Pinacolone, Wolff, Beckmann, Hofmann*, Curtius, Lossen and Schmidt rearrangements.

Introduction, protecting groups for hydroxyl group in sugar, amino group in the base and phosphate functions. Methods of formation of internucleotide bonds: DCC and phosphodiester approaches, phosphoramide method, Solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides.

Classification and nomenclature. Sanger and Edman methods of sequencing. Cleavage of peptide bond by chemical and enzymatic methods.  Peptide synthesis – Protection of amino group (Boc-, Z- and Fmoc-) and carboxyl group as alkyl and aryl esters.  Use of EDHCl, EEDQ, HOBt and active esters, acid halides, anhydrides in peptide bond formation reactions.  Deprotection and racemization in peptide synthesis. Solution and solid phase techniques.  Synthesis of oxytocin.  Introduction to peptidomimetics. 

Enzymes-enzyme catalyzed organic reactions.

Definition and significance. Structures and function of receptors with molecular clefts. Molecular tweezers*, receptors with multiple hydrogen bonding sites, cyclophanes, calixarenes and cyclodextrins.

[2]A. Carey Francis andSundberg Richard, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., Springer,
2007.

[3] Sykes Peter, A guide book to mechanism in organic chemistry, Orient Longman Limited,
2000.

[4] C. K. Ingold, Structure and mechanism of organic chemistry, Cornell University Press,
1999.

[5] T. W. Graham Solomons and Craig Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition, Wiley
 publication 2004.

[6]  H. Pine Stanley , Organic Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2007.

[7]  R. T. Morrison and R. N Boyd, Organic chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 6^th-Edition, 2008.

[8]  R. O. C Norman and  J. M Coxon,  Principles of organic synthesis,  Blackie Academic and
 Professional, 1996.

[9]   M.  Bodansky, Peptides chemistry: A practical text book, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1998.

[10]  N. Selwad and H. D  Jakubke, Peptides: Chemistry and Biology, Wiley – VCH, 2002.

[11] P. Y. Bruice, Organic Chemisty,7^th edition,10^th impression, Pearson Education, 2019.

[2] Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of organic compounds, New Delhi, New-Age International,
1999.

[3] L. Eliel and L. Norman Allinger, Stereochemistry of carbon compounds vol-VII, John
Wiley 2007.

[4] I. L Finar, Stereochemistry and The Chemistry Natural Products, 5^th edition volume-2,
Pearson Education Ltd., 2009.

Course description and objectives

This physical chemistry course intends to enlighten the students on topics like classical and statistical thermodynamics, and electrochemistry. This course is aimed at motivating students to educate themselves on energy concerns.

A brief resume of concepts of laws of thermodynamics – free energy, chemical potential, and entropies. Partial properties – partial molar free energy, partial molar volume, and their significance. Thermodynamics of mixing, Gibbs-Duhem-Margules equation. Determination of these quantities. Concept of fugacity and its determination by graphical method and compressibility factor method.  Non-ideal systems–Excess functions for non-ideal solutions. Activity and activity coefficient. Relationship between mole fraction, molality, molarity, and activity coefficients*. Determination of activity coefficient by EMF and solubility methods.  Phase rule – Derivation of phase rule from the concept of chemical potential, application of phase rule to three component systems.  

Concepts of distribution, thermodynamic probability, and most probable distribution. Distribution laws. Derivation of Maxwell Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac distribution equations (using Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers). Comparison of the three statistics. Concept of an ensemble-canonical, grand canonical, and microcanonical ensembles.

Partition functions – translational, rotational, vibrational, and electronic partition functions. Calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition functions. Applications of partition functions. 

Theory of heat capacity of solids – Einstein’s theory and Debye theory. Application of Fermi-Dirac statistics to metal for the interpretation of electronic heat capacity. Application of Bose-Einstein statistics to helium. 

Thermodynamics of irreversible processes with simple examples. Criteria for non-equilibrium states. Uncompensated heat and its physical significance. Entropy production- the rate of entropy production, entropy production in chemical reactions, the phenomenological relations. The principle of microscopic reversibility, the Onsager reciprocal relations. Thermal osmosis. Thermoelectric phenomena.

Ionic atmosphere, physical significance of χ (Chi), Debye-Huckel theory to the problem of activity coefficient, Debye Huckel limiting law*, the Huckel and Bronsted equation, qualitative verification of Debye-Huckel equation, Debye-Huckel Onsager conductance equation, Bjerrum theory of ion association-triples ion-conductance minima.

Introduction to electrode-electrolyte interface, parallel plate capacitor model of double layer, Diffuse double layer, Stern Theory of double layer, thermodynamics of electrified interfaces, the concept of surface excess, determination of charge density on the electrode. Electrocapillary curves- Lipmann equation (derivation). 

Irreversible electrode process: polarization and overvoltage, types of overvoltages.  Electrolytic polarization, dissolution, and deposition potential.  Determination of anode and cathode overpotential, concentration polarization, variation of current with cell voltage, metal deposition overvoltage, Thickness of the diffusion layer, Derivation of Butler- Volmer equation, Exchange current density, factors affecting exchange current density. Influence of current density, pH, temperature, and rate of growth of deposits on over voltage.

Theories of overvoltage: Bubble formation, Combination of atoms, Ion discharge, and proton transfer as a slow process.*    

Conversion and storage of electrochemical energies-Batteries, Primary and secondary fuel cells, Corrosion and prevention*.           

2.   McQuarrie, A. Donald and John D Simon. Molecular thermodynamics. California:
University Science Books 1999.

3.      S. Glasstone, Thermodynamics for Chemists, New Delhi:  Maurice Press, 2008.

4.      Rajaraman and Kuriacose, Thermodynamic, East West, 1986.

5.      M.C. Gupta, Statistical Thermodynamics, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1993.

6.      N. D. Smith, Elementary Statistical Thermodynamics, N.Y: Plenum press, 1982.

7.      L.K. Nash, Elements of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics, Addison-Wiley, 1970.

8.      Samuel Glasstone. Textbook of Physical Chemistry. 2^nd ed. New Delhi: MacMillan Ltd., 1991.

9.Samuel Glasstone, An Introduction to Electrochemistry, New Delhi:  East-West edition, 1942. Reprint BiblioBazaar, 2011.

2.      O. M. Bockris, John Reddy and K. N. Amulya, Modern Electrochemistry 2A, Fundamentals of  Electrodics, Springer, New Delhi, 2006.

3.      O. M. Bockris, John Reddy and K. N. Amulya, Modern Electrochemistry 2B: Electronics in Chemistry, Springer, New Delhi, 2006.

4.      O. M. Bockris, John Reddy and K. N. Amulya, Modern Electrochemistry, Springer, New Delhi, 2006.

5.      Gordon M Barrow, Physical chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, special Indian edition 2007.

Course description

This introductory course on spectroscopy intends to give the students an idea of topics like symmetry and group theory, microwave, infrared, Raman, and electronic spectroscopy.  This course is intended to serve as a resource to enhance the students’ understanding of the field of theoretical spectroscopy, which would benefit them in their higher education and research careers.

Course objectives

The course is intended to educate the students on the concepts of theoretical spectroscopy and to equip them with necessary tools to interpret spectroscopic data. This would aid them in their research or industrial careers.

Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, Definition of group, point groups, cyclic groups, subgroups, symmetry classes, Simple theorems in group theory, Schöenflies notation, Representations of groups by matrices, Reducible and irreducible representations, Great orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its applications, derivation of the orthonormalization conditions. Mulliken symbols for irreducible representations. Construction of character tables and their uses (representation for the Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh, etc groups to be worked out). Reducible representation to irreducible representation using reduction formula. Direct products, Applications of group theory to quantum mechanics and spectroscopy. Chemical applications of Group theory for molecular vibrations. Molecular vibration of symmetrical AB₂ (bent) molecule, Symmetry of normal modes of ethylene.

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, Rotation of molecules, types of rotors, diatomic rigid rotor- rotational energy expression energy level diagram, the spectrum of a rigid diatomic rotor, selection rules, expression for the energies of spectral lines, consideration of intensities, effect of isotopic substitution, centrifugal distortion and the spectrum of a non-rigid rotor. Rotational spectra of polyatomic, linear, and symmetric top molecules. Applications, Stark effect. Instrumentation*, Quadrupole hyperfine interaction, Detection of interstellar molecules.

Molecular Vibrations, Simple diatomic harmonic and anharmonic oscillators- vibrational energy expression, energy level diagram. Fundamental and hot transitions, Selection rules, Overtones, and combination bands, Fermi resonance. Effect of isotopic substitution*. Vibrational wave functions and their symmetry, selection rules.

Diatomic vibrating rotor, Selection rules, vibration-rotation spectra of diatomic molecules. P, Q, and R branches

Vibrations of polyatomic molecules: Normal coordinates, vibrational energy levels. Vibration-rotation spectra of polyatomic molecules- parallel- and perpendicular vibrations of linear and symmetric top molecules. Instrumentation- FTIR and sampling techniques.

Raman Effect: Basic principles, selection rules, polarizability ellipsoids, quantum mechanical theory of the Raman effect, Classical theory of Raman Effect, explanation of Rayleigh and Raman lines based on classical theory. Vibrational Raman spectra, Mutual exclusion principle. Pure rotational Raman spectra of linear and symmetric top molecules. Advantages of Raman spectroscopy*. Structural determination from Raman and IR spectroscopy-AB₂ and AB₃ molecules. Instrumentation and sampling procedure.  

Born- Oppenheimer approximation, Electronic transition, vibrational coarse structure, the rotational fine structure of electronic transition, Fortrat diagram, Franck-Condon principle, Franck-Condon factor, Dissociation and pre-dissociation. Electronic structure of diatomic molecules- basic results of MO theory, potential energy diagrams, term symbols for linear molecules, selection rules, spectra of singlet and triplet molecular hydrogen. Electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules- localized MOs, Decay of excited states, Jablonski diagram, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy, and non-radiative decay.

[2]  D. S. Schonland, Molecular Symmetry, Van Nostrand 1965.

[3] C. N. Banwell and E.M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, TMH Edition,
2012.

[4] G. M. Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy. McGraw Hill, Int. Students Edition.
1988.

[5]  J. D. Graybeal, Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw Hill Int. Student Edition, 1990.

[6]  M. S. Gopinathan and V Ramakrishnan, Group Theory in Chemistry, Vishal Publishing Co,
 2011.

[2]  K. Veera Reddy, Symmetry and Molecular Spectroscopy, New Age International
Publishers, 2012.

[3]  J. M. Hollas, Modern Spectroscopy, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, 2010.

[4]  D. N. Sathyanarayana, Vibrational Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications, New Age
International Publishers, 2004.

This practical course on inorganic chemistry intends to provide the students scientific skills in quantitative techniques.

1.      Gravimetric determination of Fe in an iron ore as Fe₂O₃.

2.      Volumetric/redox and gravimetric determination of the following mixtures:                   

(a) Copper and nickel (b) Copper and iron (C) Copper and Zinc (d) Nickel and zinc (e) Iron and chromium.

3.      Analysis of alloys: (a) German silver (b) Steel (c) Solder.

4.      Analysis of ores: (a) Haematite, (b) Dolomite, (c) Pyrolusite

5.      Flame photometric determination of Na/K in cement and soil samples.

6.      Estimation of copper/iron by spectrophotometric method.

7.      Determination of ionic nature of coordination complex by ion exchange chromatography and conductivity methods.

8.     Determination of ground state dipole moment of various compounds.

[1]        F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Advanced inorganic chemistry, 6^th ed., John Wiley & sons,
2009.

[2]        J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, Pearson Education Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2000.

[3]        J. Bassett., G. H. Jeffery J. Mendham, and R. C. Denny, Vogel’s text book of quatitative chemical analysis. 5^th edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, 1999.

[4]        G. Marr and B.W. Rockett, Practical inorganic chemistry, Von Nostrand Reinhold: 1972.

[1]        K. F. Purcell and J. C. Kotz, Inorganic Chemistry, Indian reprint, Cengage Learnining India Pvt Ltd, 2010.

[2]        G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, 4^th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010.

[3]     D. N. Sathyanarayana, Electronic absorption spectroscopy and related techniques,
Universities Press: 2001.

[4]        William M Portfield, Inorganic Chemistry-An Unified Approach (Indian Reprint) Academic
Press, 2005.

This practical course on physical chemistry is aimed at developing experimental skills in students in topics like chemical kinetics, colorimetry, cryoscopy, and adsorption. This course imparts team building, and imagination which lead to novel solutions and scientific explanations to everyday problems.

1.    Test for the validity of Beer-Lambert Law and determination of the unknown concentration of a solution. Calculation of molar extinction coefficient.

2.    Titration of ferrous ammonium sulfate with potassium permanganate colorimetrically.

3.    Simultaneous estimation of Mn and Cr in a solution of KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇.

4.    Kinetics of reaction between K₂S₂O₈ – KI Colorimetrically. 

5.    Determination of concentration of Fe by spectrophotometric titration using EDTA.

6.    Study of  the kinetics of oxidation of alcohol by colorimetry.

7.    Study the primary salt effect on the kinetics of ionic reactions and test the Bronsted relationship (iodide ion is oxidized by persulphate ion) by colorimetry.

1.    Determination of molecular weight of a solute by cryoscopy.

2.    Determination of the degree of dissociation of an electrolyte and association of benzoic acid in benzene.

1.    Determination of the velocity constant, catalytic coefficient, temperature coefficient, t_1/2, and energy of activation for the acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate.

2.    Evaluation of Arrhenius parameters for the reaction between potassium persulphate and potassium iodide (1^st order).

3.    Velocity constant for the saponification of ethyl acetate.

4.    Determination of the order of reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide (clock reaction).

5.    Determination of relative strength of acids (HCl) by ester hydrolysis.

6.    Determination of equilibrium constant for acid hydrolysis of an ester.

7.    Determination of equilibrium constant of keto-enol tautomerism. (ethyl acetoacetate and acetoyl acetone, AcAc)

1. Determinantion of the partial molal volume of ethanol by reciprocal density method.

2. Determination of partial molal volume by apparent molar volume method, NaCI – H₂O system.

Adsorption of oxalic acid on charcoal. Verification of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 

1.    Construction of phase diagram of a two-component system and determination of eutectic temperature and eutectic composition.

2.    Construction of a phase diagram of a three-component system and determination of the % of the components in the given mixture.

1. Determination of molecular weight of a polymer material by viscosity method.

[2]     Shoemaker and Garland. Experiments in physical chemistry. McGraw Hill International edn: 1996.

[3]     J. B. Yadav, Advanced practical chemistry, Krishna Prakashan Media Pvt. Ltd, Meerut, 2010. 

[4]     Wilson, Newcomb and others, Experimental physical chemistry.  Pergamon Press: New York, 1962.

[2]     V.D. Athawale and Parul Mathur. Experimental physical chemistry. New Age
International: New Delhi, 2001. 

This course on environmental and biochemical analysis intends to make the students get an idea on topics like air pollution, water pollution, soil, food and drug analysis and clinical chemistry. It induces environmental concerns and health awareness among students

Principles and methods of air and water sampling. Determination of carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulates; Parameters of water analysis: colour, turbidity, total solids, conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, silica, phosphate and different forms of nitrogen; Heavy metal toxicity of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, manganese*, mercury and arsenic.

Properties of soils-soil texture and soil structure, types of soil colloids*, types of clays and their swelling and adsorption properties, cation exchange capacity and its determination, acid soils - types of soil acidity, liming, measurements of pH and conductivity of soil - saline and alkaline soils, analysis of major constituents of soil -organic matter, nitrogen, sulphur, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Method of soil analysis, soil fertility its determination, determination of inorganic constituents of plant materials, Chemical analysis as a measure of soil fertility, analysis of fertilizers. Analysis of organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate pesticides

Estimation of moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate, calcium, potassium, sodium and phosphate in foods; Analysis of common adulterants in foods; milk and milk products* - alcohol test, fermentation test, dye reduction tests (methylene blue and resazurin), test to distinguish between butter and margarine, phosphatase test for pasteurisation, estimation of added water; Beverages - caffeine and chicory in coffee, methanol in alcoholic drinks; Estimation of saccharin, coal tar dyes, aflatoxins in foods. Compositional Analysis of Foods:

Moisture and Total Solids Analysis; Ash Analysis; Fat Analysis; Protein Analysis; Carbohydrate Analysis; Vitamin Analysis; Color Analysis.

Classification of drugs; Characterization of common drugs; Analgesics - aspirin, paracetamol, Expectorants - Benadryl, Sedatives - diazepam, barbiturates, Antibiotics - penicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, Cardiovascular sorbitrate, methyldopa, Vitamins- A and C. Drugs of abuse: Analysis of narcotics (nicotine, morphine, heroin). Estimation of drug residues in biological samples. General discussion of poisons with special reference to mode of action of snake venom, war gases, cyanide, carbon monoxide, and opium, Estimation of cyanide, carbon monoxide, and barbiturates. 

Quality control and regulation; Development of achiral separation methods in pharmaceutical Analysis; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis; Mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis; Vibrational spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis.

Composition of blood: collection and preservation of samples; Clinical analysis; serum electrolytes, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, albumin, globulins, and blood gas analysis. Enzyme analysis: Assay of acid and alkaline phosphatases*, isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, metal deficiency, and disease; Estimation of calcium, iron, and copper.

General composition of edible oils; Qualitative tests for purity; Factors affecting physical characteristics of fats and oils; oil stability tests; smoke, flash, and fire point of oils. Estimation of rancidity – carbonyl value and peroxide value, Tests for common adulterants like argemone oil, rice bran oil, castor oil, palmolein oil, white oil, and petroleum fractions

Standardization concept for products. Introduction to various pharmacopeia, Overview of ICH Guidelines: QSEM, with special emphasis on Q-series guidelines, Validation of Analytical Procedures, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) .

Key processes in the biosphere, Trends in environmental sustainability, Photochemical smog, Volatile organic compound Benzene as a pollutant, UV-induced skin cancer, Photo isomerization of benzene, photodynamic therapy, delayed fluorescence (P-type and E-type), Bioluminescence in fireflies

Biological homochirality, Thalidomide disaster, Importance of resolution in chiral drugs. Chiral column chromatography.

[2] Asim K. Das, Environmental Chemistry with Green Chemistry, Books and Allied (p)Ltd., 2010.

[3]P. D. Vowels and D. W. Connel, Experiments in Environmental Chemistry, Pergamon, 1980.

[4]R.A. Day and A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, Pearson; 6th edition, 1991.

[5]N. Shakuntala Manay, Foods: Facts and Principles, New Age, 2008.

[6]C. H. Eckles, W.B. Combs and H. Macy, Milk and Milk Products, Tata McGraw Hill, 1996.

[7]John M Beale and John Block, Wilson and Gisvold’sTextbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical   Chemistry, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 12th revised North American ed edition, 2010.

[8]K. S. Narayan Reddy and Suguna Devi, The essentials of Forensic medicine and Toxicology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; Thirty-fourth edition, 2017.

[9] J. M. Coxon and B. Halton, Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions, 2nd Ed. Cambridge
Texts in Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2011.

[10] D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of organic compounds – Principle and Applications, 2nd ed.
New Age International Publishers, 2001.

[11] Paula Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 8th ed. Pearson Education Limited, 2016

[2]D.J. Holme and H.Peck, Analytical Biochemistry, Prentice Hall; 3rd edition, 1998.

[3]P. R.  Hesse, A text book of Soil Chemical Analysis. CBS Publishers, 1994.

[4]C. K.Sharma, Analytical Chemistry, 4th ed. Krishna Prakashan media Pvt Ltd., Meerut, India, 2012.

This course intends to give the students an idea of advanced topics like optical spectroscopic methods, electrophoresis, kinetic methods of analysis, surface characterization techniques, rheological analysis, mechanical analysis, and analysis of biomolecules. 

Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS): Basic principles and techniques, Flame AAS, non-Flame AAS, instrumentation, different types of nebulizers, electro thermal vaporizes, cold vapour AAS, radiation sources, Hollow cathode lamp (HCL), Electrodeless discharge lamp(EDL), detectors, photo-emissive cells, Photomultiplier tube (PMT), photodiodes, Interferences, spectral, chemical, matrix background, absorption correction methods, Zeeman effect, Smith-Heiftje methods, single beam and double beam instruments

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES): Basic principles, ICP (Inductively coupled plasma) optical emission spectrometry, Microwave induced plasma systems in atomic spectrometry

Atomic fluorescence techniques (AFS): Basic principles and working of the instrument

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Basic principles, Instrumentation, Applications; Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM): Fundamental principles, instrumentation, and applications; Contact angle measurements: static and dynamic contact angles; Ellipsometry: Fundamental principles and applications; Characterization of air-water interfaces: Pressure-area isotherms, Langmuir-Blodgett films, Brewster angle microscopy. Optical Microscopy Techniques: Optical microscope, Confocal microscopy, Optical profilometry. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS): Basic principles and applications. Electron Microscopy Techniques: SEM, TEM, SAED, and EDX, 

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) for surface analysis

Electrophoresis: Principles of electrophoresis, Instrumentation, Detection methods used in electrophoresis, classification of electrophoresis methods-Zone electrophoresis, Isotachophoresis, Isoelectric focusing. Applications.

Capillary electrophoresis: Theory, Instrumentation and applications, capillary electrochromatography.

Mass spectrometry in structural biology, Enzyme and immuno techniques- Enzyme based assay. ELISA(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), RIA(Radioimmunoassay), Fluorescent imaging, Fluorescent spectroscopy for biochemical analysis, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), Western blotting, Various types of Biosensors and chemosensors, Nanomaterials and nanotechnology used for biochemical analysis.

Kinetic techniques versus equilibrium techniques. Classifying chemical kinetic methods. Direct-computation fixed-time integral methods, Direct-computation variable time integral methods, Direct-computation rate methods, Curve –fitting methods. Making kinetic measurements-stopped flow analyser. Quantitative applications-Enzyme-catalyzed reactions, nonenzyme-catalyzed reactions, noncatalytic reactions. Characterization Applications- Determining Vmax and Km for enzyme catalysed reactions, elucidating the mechanisms for the inhibition of enzyme catalysis. Evaluation of chemical kinetic methods.

Rheometers. Applications of Rheological Measurements. Elastic Moduli. Tensile Strength. Measurement of Mechanical Properties

[2]D. A. Skoog, D. M.West and F. J. Holler, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Saunders College Publishing. 1996.

[3]H. H. Willard, L, L. Merrit, J. A. Dean, and F. A. Settle, Instrumental methods of Analysis, C B S Publishers. 1996.

[4]G. W. Ewing, Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th ed. McGraw- Hill, New York, 1988.

[5] D. Brune, R. Hellborg, H. J. Whitlow, O. Hunderi, Surface Characterization: A User's Sourcebook, WILEY‐VCH, 2007.

[6] A. Manz, N. Pamme, D. Iossifidis, Bioanalytical Chemistry, Imperial College Press, 2004

[7] Macosko, Christopher W. Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications. Wiley-VCH, 1994

[8] D.W. van Krevelen, Properties of Polymers. Elsevier Science, 1997

[9] B. D. Fahlman, Materials Chemistry, Springer 2011.

[2]Jeffery, Vogel’s text book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th ed. Ed, ELBS/ Longman, 1989.

[3]Skoog, West, Holler and Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th ed. Thomas Asia Pvt. Ltd, 2004.

Course description

This course on principles of chemical analysis intends to make the students get an idea on the principles involved in various titrimetric and gravimetric techniques and electro analytical methods. This helps the students to analyze and solve the problem effectively.

a) Acid base titrations                                                                                           5 Hrs

Basic principles, Titration curves for mono functional acids and bases, pH calculations, theory for indicators*, fractions of phosphoric acid species as a function of pH, titration curves for polyprotic acids, poly amines and amino acid systems. Titrations of mixtures of acids or bases.     

b) Redox titrations                                                                                                     5 Hrs

 Nernst equation, standard and formal potentials. Titration curves and end point signals, indicators and criteria for the selection of indicators, feasibility of redox titration, titration of multicomponent system. Titrations involving Iodine, KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇. Adjustment of analytes oxidation states and applications: Oxidants such as permanganate, dichromate, bromate, iodate and Ce (IV*). 

c) Precipitation titrations                                                                                                     5 Hrs

 Solubility products, theoretical principles and titration curves, end point signals, Cl^- ion estimation by Mohr and Volhard method. Adsorption indicators, Application: Estimation of K⁺, F^-, CrO₃^-, C₂O₄^2-, acetylenes and mixtures of halides.

d) Complexometric titrations                                                                                  4 Hrs

 Complexometric titration with particular reference to EDTA titrations, stability of polydentate ligands as titrants, expression for different forms of EDTA as a function of pH, conditional stability constants, derivation of titration curve, Fraction of dissociating species in poly ligand complexes, effect of pH and second complexing agent on conditional stability and titration curves, selectivity by pH control, masking and demasking*, metal ion indicators, types of EDTA titrations, titrations involving monodentate ligands.

e) Karl-Fischer titration                                                                                                       4 Hrs

 Stochiometry of the reaction, preparation of the reagent, titration method, standardization of reagent using water in methanol, determination water samples, interference and their elimination, applications to some organic compounds alcohols, carboxylic acids, acid anhydrides and carbonyl compounds.

f) Non Aqueous titrations                                                                                                  4 Hrs

 Acid base titrations in non aqueous solvents, classification of solvents, levelling and differentiating solvents, acidic and basic titrants, methods of titration. Titrations in glacial acetic acid and ethylene diamine, applications of non-aqueous titrations*. 

Membrane indicator electrodes, Classifications of membranes and properties of ion selective membranes, glass electrodes for pH measurements* and detection of cations, crystalline membrane electrodes, liquid membrane electrodes. Ion selective field effect transistors (ISFETs), Mechanism of ISFET ion selective behaviour, applications of ISFETs. Molecular selective electrode systems: gas sensing probes, biocatalytic membrane electrodes*, disposable multilayer p-ion systems. 

Principle, instrumentation and applications of UPLC, Ion exchange chromatography   and Affinity chromatography, exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation and supercritical fluid extraction.

Overview, types of automatic systems: flow injection analyses, Principle of FIA, instrumentation and application of FIA.

Discrete automatic systems: sampling and robotics, clinical analyser, organic elemental analyser. Advantages and disadvantages of automated analyses.

Diffraction: X-ray, Bragg’s law, assignment of lines, diffraction pattern of a primitive cubic lattice, space group extinctions, scattering factor and structure factor, intensities from atomic position. Rotation, Oscillation, Weissenberg and Precession methods, Debye-Scherrer method (powder method)*, Determination of lattice parameters. Using these methods, Electron and neutron diffraction, experimental technique, Wierl equation, Radial-distribution method. 

Theory, Instrumentation and Applications of VSM, Hysteresis Loop, Saturation Magnetization, Remnant Magnetization, Coercivity, Superparamagnetism.

[2] Bassett, Denney, Jeffery and Mendham, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 4^th ed. ELBS, 1989.

[3] G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 5^th ed., John-Wiley and Sons Inc. 1994.

[4] Kolthoff, Elving and Krivan, Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, 2^nd ed. John Wiley and Sons. 1986.

[5] Snell and Biffen, Commercial methods of analysis, McGraw Hill, 1994.

[6]        L. V. Azaroff, Introduction to solids, New York, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1990.

[7]        N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin, Solid state physics, New York, Holt Saunders International Limited, 1994

[8]        M. M. Woolfson,  An introduction to X-ray crystallography, New Delhi, Cambridge University press-vikas publishing house, 1980.

[9]        George H. Stout, Lyle H. Jenson, X-ray structure determination: A practical Guide, 2^nd ed., Macmillan publishing co. inc and Macmillan publishers, 1989.

[10]      H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, New Delhi, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 1996.

[1]       Skoog, West, Holler and Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8^th ed. Thomson Asia Pvt Ltd, 2004.

[2]        S. M. Khopkar, Basic concepts of analytical chemistry, 3^ed ed. New Age International, 2009.

 [3]        H. H. Willard, L. L. Merrit, J. A.  Den, F.A. Settle, Instrumental method of analysis, CBS publishers and distributors, 1986.

[4]        Skoog, F. J. Holler, Nieman, Thomson, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5^th Edn., 2004.

[5]        G.W. Ewing, Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, McGraw Hill, 2004.

This project intends to provide students with scientific skills and practical knowledge of working in an industrial/Institutional setting. The student spends a minimum of 90 days in an industry/institution. They get to execute research work and hands on experience in handling various instruments. It enables the students to think, plan, and work independently for the benefit of society.

This project intends to provide students with scientific skills and practical knowledge of working in an industrial/Institutional setting. The student spends a minimum of 90 days in an industry/institution. They get to execute research work and hands on experience in handling various instruments. It enables the students to think, plan and work independently for the benefit of society

End semester examination (Submission of Project report and viva voce examination): 100 marks

This course on spectroscopy exposes the students to topics like UV, IR, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and problems based on the same and the students are expected to acquire a deeper knowledge about spectroscopy and its application in studying the structure of organic molecules.

Prelearning topics : Chromophores, Basic theory, Beer-Lambert’s law, Experimental aspects*.

Types of electronic transitions (185-800 nm), Substituent and solvent effects on electronic transitions, spectra of carbonyl compounds, dienes, conjugated polyenes.  Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting absorption in trienes and polyenes, unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, conjugated dienes, aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds, prediction of λ_max., steric effect, UV/VIS spectroscopic study of polymers, flavanoids, cobalamines, porphyrins, chorophylls and carotenoids.

Prelearning topics : Molecular vibrations, Modes of stretching and bending,

Bond properties and absorption trends, Characteristic frequencies of organic functional groups.  Effect of hydrogen bonding, substituent  and solvent effects on the vibrational frequencies, overtones, combination bands and Fermi resonance, infrared spectroscopy of aromatic compounds, Finger print region, identification of cis trans isomers, ketoenol tautomers by IR spectroscopy. IR Spectroscopy of polymers, proteins and polypeptides. IR spectroscopy as a probe for H-bonded supramolecular synthons.

Nuclear spin, Quantum description of NMR, resonance phenomena,  CW proton NMR, Chemical Shift, shielding mechanism, spin-spin interaction, geminal vicinal and long range couplings, Karplus curve, factors influencing chemical shift and coupling constants, first and second order spectra, chemical exchange, effect of deuteration, solvent effect, hindered rotation, diastereotopic systems, mono and di substituted benzene rings,  nuclear double resonance, pulse, FT NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT, NOESY, 2D NMR, COSY, HETCOR, INADEQUATE,  Fluxional molecules, gated decoupling, CINDP, ¹⁹F NMR and ³¹P NMR spectra of simple molecules and ATP.

Introduction, Ion sources- EI, CI, FAB, MALDI and ESI* Mass analysers: TOF and quadrupole mass analysers, resolution, fragmentation, factors influencing fragmentation, base peak, molecular ion peak, isotopic peak, meta stable peak, multiply charged ions, Nitrogen rule, McLafferty rearrangement, Instrumentation, fragmentation patterns, Tandem mass spectrometry. 

Index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), rule of thirteen, problems involving molecular formula, mass number and elemental percentages. Use of IR, UV-Vis, NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and mass spectral data in the structure elucidation of organic compound.